Kanada at Auschwitz

A transport car on the rails at Auschwitz.

I was picked up at my hotel in Krakow, the driver’s first passenger of the day. “Three stops more,” the genial driver, Petro, said, opening the van door and gesturing to the front seat, where I could sit alongside him.

After two more stops, our final pick-up was in Kasimierz, the old Jewish quarter. We approached the hotel where the last passenger was waiting, not far from the factory made famous by the film Schindler’s List. I noticed graffiti sprayed, in English, on the wall of an adjacent apartment. “Bad choices make good stories,” it declared. I found myself pondering what the words might mean, conjuring up a line from Dante’s La Vita Nuova: “Nomina sunt consequentia rerum” – “names are the consequences of things.” Not for a moment anticipating what they might portend, my ruminations faded as quickly as they’d surfaced, until our arrival at Auschwitz.

Petro introduced us to our guide, Anna, who relayed what she had to say via microphone and headset, her English soft-spoken and somewhat clipped. She led us through the wrought-iron gate emblazoned atop with the ominous words, “ARBEIT MACHT FREI” (“Work Will Set You Free”) and indicated, off to the right, the spot where camp musicians played rousing tunes as work parties marched past. We were ushered into an austere brick building that had formerly served as a barracks, one of scores that were refurbished to function as exhibition spaces and points of information.

Positioning herself beside a display of photographs, Anna told us about the warehouses Kanada I and Kanada II, so-named by prisoners whose job it was to stock them and safeguard their contents, which were later shipped all over the Third Reich.

Why Kanada, I wondered.

Upon disembarking from the freight cars that ferried them to their doom, Jewish families were instructed to leave their belongings on the platform on which they’d been herded.

The selection process came next, overseen by doctors from the SS. Males over 14 deemed fit for labour were ordered to one side, as were some women. However, most women and children, and the elderly and the infirm – an estimated four of every five who stepped off the train, 1.1 million in all – went the other way, and thereafter to their deaths.

As the two lines parted company, never to meet again, the Kanada Kommando set about its business. Individuals chosen for the task loaded the bundles and suitcases left behind onto waiting trucks, destined for the warehouses named Kanada. Work here  increased one’s chance of survival considerably, for two reasons: first, having an important job to perform, conscripts were treated less brutally; and second, they ate better, as they were able to scavenge food from the receptacles they opened.

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The German name for Canada, I learned, had come to be referred to because it represented a land of plenty, a bountiful country from where emigrant relatives would have written, in glowing terms, prior to the outbreak of war. Dante’s invocation, as sung by countertenor David James in a recording I have of Gavin Bryars, resounded in my mind along with Anna’s harrowing recounting. When the horror of the Holocaust was over, I mused, did anyone whose fate it was to work in Kanada ever make it to the Canada they imagined at Auschwitz?

Kanada I, located in Auschwitz proper, was officially called Effektenlager I. It’s a complex of six units where, between March and December 1942, a crew of some 1,000 to 1,600 inmates sifted through the luggage of some 197,000 predominantly Polish Jews. By December 1943, the anticipated arrival of 430,000 Hungarian Jews had prompted the construction of Kanada II (Effektenlager II), a massive complex of 30 buildings that called for the induction of hundreds of Jewish-Hungarian women into Kommando ranks, swelling crew numbers to approximately 2,000.

Kanada II, which was built four kilometres from Auschwitz in the village of Brzezinka, formed part of the vast sprawl of Birkenau. Rozsi and Lili Berkovits, two Hungarian sisters from Munkacs, in present-day Ukraine, offered the following testimony upon their release from captivity in 1945: “This was an enviable place: one could have some extra bites of food and did not need to starve. We sorted (through) the luggage that the transports (brought) here; we always found food in them, which we could secretly seize. This saved us from starving to death.”

One member of the Kanada Kommando, who was 16 when she was freed, testified that “one could find everything here, starting (with) clothes, food and bedclothes, to the most expensive jewellery, precious letters and photos. We saw the most beautiful things, since everyone brought the best belongings they had.”

On occasion, the luggage opened had belonged to departed kin, a jolt no less traumatic than the one caused by Kanada II’s proximity to the gas chambers. “Work was basically not difficult,” disclosed another survivor, “but the conditions under which we worked were awful. The crematorium was in front of us and we could see how they selected each transport that arrived. We could see the elderly and children entering the gate of the crematorium, we could hear the horrible screams, but we never saw anyone coming out.

“On the whole, it was easy for us because we had great quantities of stolen food. But no one could eat it, hearing all those screams, breathing in air that was stinking of burnt human flesh.”

The last site to which Anna took us was perhaps the most haunting of all, a structure marked in German Gothic lettering, “Block 16a.” Close to it, a sign read: Here “stood a wooden barracks where, in 1944, more than 200 Jewish children between the ages of two and 16 were kept as prisoners. These children, the majority of them twins, were used for criminal medical experiments by the SS doctor Josef Mengele.” A wall painted in Block 16a depicts a school, children ambling playfully toward it, a girl carrying a doll, a boy riding a hobby horse.

Incipit vita nova,” Dante also wrote, “a new life is beginning.”